•Jaundice appeared due to mainly liver disease because of increased bilirubin level in the blood. jaundice also develops due to drugs vascular and mass lesion. the diagnosis of jaundice made by patients history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Liver function and structure of jaundice •Liver receives 20% of the blood flow is oxygen-rich blood flow from the hepatic artery, and 80% nutrition-rich blood from portal vein arising from the stomach, intestine, pancreas, and spleen. •Hepatocytes are the major cells in the liver, remaining cells are kuffer cell (reticuloendothelial system ), stellate (fat cell), endothelial and blood vessels cell, bile ductular cell. • Portal area consists of small arteries, bile ducts, and lymphatics organized in the loose connecting stroma of matrix and collagen. Blood flowing into the portal area is distributed through the sinusoids, passing from zone 1 to zone 3 of the acinus and drain into the hepatic vein(central vein)
Increasing blood pressure affects one million people all over the world and comes to the top in the cause of death. blood pressure doubles the risk of heart disease, coronary disease, congestive heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and peripheral artery disease. Though blood pressure lowering medication decrease risk. Epidemiology Blood pressure increases with age and vary among populations and even in the same country. S ystolic blood pressure increases with age >60 years and diastolic blood pressure is going to decrease after age 55. So, widening the pulse pressure. In the united-state increasing high blood pressure is due to obesity. The prevalence of blood pressure and stroke mortality is higher. Environmental and genetic factors may contribute to local and racial variations in hypertensive prevalence. Now, people are living in a more urbanized area so their lifestyle changes and leads to obesity. 60% of hypertensive are 20% overweight . High sodium intake and lo