Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders that manifests as increase glucose in the blood. Diabetes mellitus has many types and multiple etiology, mainly gene and environmental factors. There are mainly three reasons for increase blood glucose 1 . decrease insulin secretion 2 . Decrease glucose utilization 3 .increase production of glucose. Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD), no traumatic lower-limb amputations, and adult blindness It is a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Classification DM is classified as a type 1 DM and type 2 DM . however, other types of diabetes in which molecular pathogenesis is better understood and associated with a single gene defect. Type 1 DM develops due to autoimmunity against beta cells which produce insulin so there is near no insulin. Type 2 DM develops due to multiple causes by insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and increased liver glucose production. Typ...